3 Analysis of Regulation (EC) No 391/2009 Article 10(1)
589/2025

3 Analysis of Regulation (EC) No 391/2009 Article 10(1)

To illustrate how Article 10(1) underpins mutual recognition, this section offers a legal analysis of its three central facets: harmonisation, selective applicability (“in appropriate cases”), and the safety-based refusal (“serious safety concerns”); each of which shapes the nature of obligations on EU ROs and ultimately determines the scope and strength of the mutual recognition scheme.